Worldwide expansion of human activities and infrastructure is increasing the exposure of terrestrial and marine environments to anthropogenic sound ( Hildebrand, 2009 Barber et al., 2010 Shannon et al., 2015). However, the increasing levels of anthropogenic noise create acoustic conditions unprecedented in the evolutionary record ( Swaddle et al., 2015). The world is a cacophony of sounds-from natural sources such as wind-blown vegetation and ocean waves or calling insects, birds, fish, and whales-so all animals have evolved mechanisms to modify their vocalizations to compensate for noise and to focus as listeners on relevant sounds ( Tyack and Janik, 2013). Estimating Exposure and Effects of Sound on Wildlife INTRODUCTION
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